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Norman Haddow o pastirskih hiškah na Krasu

Figure 1 - Scottish Slovenian Friendship (Norman Haddow and Boris Čok)

Introduction

In many regions of the so called advanced world, there is a growing recognition that traditional rural skills are being lost and that something needs to be done to preserve and record them. Not only that but also an understanding that unless these crafts are practised and promoted they will finally disappear. For example a 2006 conference on the decline of the traditional craft of dry stone walling in the UK reported that there is no legislation to protect dry stone walls and: 

“the extent of the damage to the network by dereliction, removal and theft, now poses a major threat to this important part of Britain’s cultural heritage.” (Aliston, 2006)

Alongside this problem with walls, English Heritage reported a fall of 13% in the number of starting apprentices and trainees in craft related skills in England between 2005-6 and 2006-7. (Construction News, 2007)

Background

Figure 2 - Grublja

Slovenia was part of the Habsburg Monarchy for 650 years and from 1867 -1918 part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. For most of that time, particularly in the Kras region, there was a high proportion of oak forest. Even today, 75% of the country is wooded. Since Roman times the oak had been used for housing and shipping. Particularly in the nineteenth century the remaining oaks were replaced with non-native Black Pines. The most important period for the development of Kras stone culture began under the rule of Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780). This marked the end of the feudal system and much of the land which had been owned by the aristocracy was purchased by local people. The land was divided into lots by Imperial surveyors. The new owners began to clean their land from the massive limestone rocks breaking them into smaller pieces with hammers picks and sometimes using gunpowder. They built dry stone walls .The rest of the stone was gathered into huge piles called Grublja (Figure 2 - Grublja). The rocks were also used to create dry stone shelters for the farmers and their children, who helped to control the livestock.

As Zupančič has said:

"There is a simple logic here: useless heaps of stone could be better used to mark plots or create some shaded niche to protect against the weather. Division of labour was by sex and age. Usually, children cleared the fields and then the father (the owner) did the walling."(Zupančič, 2010)

The climate in the Kras region is very hot in the summer with heavy rainfall in the spring.  An unusual feature is the strong cold wind (Burja) which can blow at any time of the year. The huts were built by the locals to protect themselves from the intense heat and the bitterly cold wind. The oldest surviving huts are approximately 170 years old and were in use into the 20^th century until the population movement   into towns away from agriculture became common. Until now, almost all of these huts (Hiška) have been neglected and are falling into ruin. As Zupančič has said:

"With changed habits over the last sixty or seventy years, the vast development from homo domesticus to homo commuter, local knowledge and cultural awareness have almost faded away. The end result is seen on the ground: many of these elaborate stone structures were no longer needed and have become overgrown with bushes and creepers."
(Zupančič, 2010)

In 2010, I attended a dry stone walling Congress in Cumbria. Two of the lectures were given by Professor Borut Juvanec and Domen Zupancic, both of whom are attached to the Department of Architecture in the University of Ljubljana. They described the corbelled huts of the Kras region and pointed out that many of these were in a poor state. They also explained that during April 2011 they would be organising a group of students, along with knowledgeable locals to restore a number of hiška and help others to understand the principles involved in their construction. Through a generous grant from the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust I was able to join this group.

On the first Monday after my arrival in the small Slovenian village of Lokev, before the students arrived, I had the privilege of observing a hiška (Figure 3 - Hiška) being built in a garden by local school children under the guidance of Boris Čok (pronounced Chalk). Boris, now retired, had sheltered in these huts as a child helping to look after his family’s sheep and cattle. In 2009 he was the first to contact the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia about the forgotten beauty of these herdsmen stone shelters. They were first recorded and  registered by Eda Belingar and Boris Cok. Boris had already repaired a number of huts in the surrounding area of pine woodland. Over the next few weeks Boris Cok, Mitja Kobal, Dusan Okoren, Pino Hrovatin, Professor Borut Juvanec and his assistant Domen Zupancic, a group of Architecture students and I rebuilt several hiška, closely viewed and recorded by local and national media (TV Primorka, TV Rai 3, Primorske Novice, Delo, Dnevnik, Kras, Dragodid).

Construction

Stage 1
Foundation

Figure 4

The size required for the foundation was determined by the proposed height of the doorway, the number of people requiring shelter and whether these were adults or children. An upright was driven into the ground. Two concentric circles were drawn on the grass to coincide with the width of the walls and a gap was left for the door space, relating to the direction of the burja. The proposed door height gave an indication of the width of the walls. This was between 40cm and 90 cm. The turf was then removed (Figure 4) and the top soil dug out until firm material was reached (either sub-soil or rock).  The two circles of foundation were then laid, leaving a gap for the doorway, but using a large rectangular rock of the perfect width on both sides of the entrance where these were available. Hearting was then carefully placed between all the foundation stones.

Stage 2
Walls up to the top of the door lintel

Figure 5 - Square End Stones

As was common in Slovenia, the walls were erected with a very slight batter. Care was taken to create a smooth surface, particularly on the internal surface. As most of the rock was irregular limestone, it requires some skill to make the sides flat and because of this, the best rocks were used on the inside. Naturally, the stones with squared ends (Figure 5 - Square End Stones) were selected for the doorway on each side. Once the top of the door was complete, one or two lintel rocks (gurenc in Slovene) were lifted into place. The walls were then completed to run right round the structure making an entire flat loop round the hiška.

Stage 3
The corbelled roof

Where possible, large flat rocks were arranged all the way round the loop with a slight overhang on the outside.  After this first layer, much smaller stones were placed in concentric circles all the way round. It was important that small wedge shaped fragments were put under each stone added, to ensure that any water would be directed to the exterior. On the outside of each layer, stones were placed to make the overall view a neat circle.  These rocks on the bearing wall were positioned to act as a counter weight for the stones overhanging the corbelled dome.  Normally one person would stand inside the hiška with a bucket of wedges and as those outside put on the stones, the person inside would insert the wedges.

Figure 6

As the roof was raised and rocks were placed with a small part overhanging the centre, then the hole became smaller and smaller (Figure 6).

The person inside had to be tall or stand on some support, depending on the height required. Finally the last rock was laid carefully to close the top, leaving an internal corbelled dome.  (Figure 7)

 

 

 

Figure 7

Stage 4
Finishing the roof outside

Figure 8

While the dome was being created, those outside were adding stone and rocks to ensure that the entire build looked smooth and that there was enough cover to prevent the entry of rain water, irrespective of the wind direction.  (Figure 8)

Decorations and Variations

Many of the huts had unusually shaped limestone placed on the very top.  This was not only for decoration but to recognise the builder and owner of the hiška.  Every hiška had a family name and some of the huts around Lokev had fireplaces.   Some had inscriptions and several were different shapes depending on the adjoining rocks. The largest hiška which I saw was square shaped with a flat roof this could accommodate at least 12 adults. 
(Figures 9-12)

Članek v časopisu Dnevnik

Zahvala

Boris, naj se ti ob koncu delavnice Kras 2o11 se enkrat zahvalim za vso pomoc pri organizaciji, predvsem pa pri izvedbi. Mislim, da smo naredili mnogo vec kot sem pricakoval, da smo naredili mnogo dobrega za Kras in za Krasevce. Ne za danes ali vceraj, predvsem za jutri. Preprican sem, da bo po akciji vec zanimanja, vec vedenja o kulturi kamna in vec zavesti o vrednotah kamnite dezele na robu Slovenije.
Zaenkrat v arhitekturi, v nadaljevanju pa se kaj. Zakladnica kraske kulture je neizmerna. Odkrivamo in ohranjamo jo tudi s tvojo pomocjo: ta teden zagotovo predvsem s tvojo pomocjo.
Naj se ti v imenu pokroviteljev projekta Kras 2o11: Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti, Univerze v Ljubljani, Mediacarsa, v imenu docenta Zupancica in seveda v svojem iskreno zahvalim.
Preprican sem, da bomo skupaj se marsikaj naredili.
Prof. Dr. Borut Juvanec

Delavnica suhozid KRAS 2011

KRAS 2011 delavnica suhozid

Organizator

UL Fakulteta za arhitekturo

Katedra za teorijo in zgodovino arhitekture

Zoisova 12

1000 Ljubljana

Partnerji pri izvedbi delavnice

Turistično društvo Lokev

KS Lokev

JZ Park Škocjanske jame, Slovenija, Služba za raziskovanje in razvoj

ZVKDS OE NG

ICOMOS Slovenija

Termin delavnice

Celotna delavnica poteka med 15. 4. in 16. 5. 2011.

Delavnica na terenu je razdeljena na dva dela in traja 5 dni, med 18. 4 in 22.4.:

·       Uvodni del s predavanji in ogledi suhozidnih konstrukcij na območju Krasa.

·       Terensko delo udeležencev delavnice.

Ob zaključku delavnice na terenu bodo študentje pod mentorstvom vodje delavnice pripravili dokumentacijo in razstavo. 14.5. 2011 bo otvoritev in predstavitev rezultatov delavnice (predavanja, razstave, projekcije kratkih filmov). Razstava bo potekala teden dni. Razstava bo zasnovana tako, da se bo lahko selila na različne lokacije.

Lokacija delavnice

Okolica vasi Lokev

Vodja delavnice

doc.dr. Domen Zupančič

domen.zupancic@fa.uni-lj.si

01 2000 776 ali 041 795 267

prof. dr. Borut Juvanec

borut.juvanec@fa.uni-lj.si

01 2000 750

Mojstri suhozidnih konstrukcij

Boris Čok iz Lokve

boriscok.lokev@gmail.com

Mitja Kobal iz Branika

swan.kobal@gmail.com

Pino Hrovatin iz Trebč

Norman Haddow, DSWA UK Scotland

normanhaddow@hotmail.co.uk

Udeleženci delavnice

K delavnici so povabljeni študentje in študentke Fakultete za arhitekturo iz Ljubljane.

Čas za prijavo k sodelovanju na delavnici je do 28. Marca.

Operativni program delavnice suhozid KRAS 2011

Osnovne potrebe za namene delavnice:

·        Dvorana za srečanje za 5 dni:

§  med 25 do 40 sedišč;

§  digitalni projektor;

§  ozvočenje;

§  prenosni računalnik je v lasti UL FA.

·        Nastanitev za gosta iz škotske za mesec dni.

·        Nastanitev za udeležence terenskega dela delavnice (pričakovani je 15 ljudi).

·        Potrebujem orodje za obdelavo kamna.

·        Zaščitna oprema (rokavice, očala,…).

Ponedeljek

Registracija Vsak udeleženec prejme: ·        Listek z imenom in priimkom na paščku; ·        urnik delavnice; ·        zemljevid terenskih ogledov in lokacij; ·        kratka navodila o varnosti pri delu; ·        list s pomembnimi številkami in kontakti, tudi zdravstveni dom in bolnišnica.	9.00 – 10.00
·        Uvodni nagovor gostitelja (župan predsednik KS) ·        Pozdravni govor doc. dr. Domen Zupančič ·        Pozdravni govor g. Boris Čok in oris lokacij za oglede	10.00 – 11.30
Odmor s prigrizkom	11.30 – 11.50
Izlet 1: Lokev ·        Potreben je organiziran prevoz, zagotovitev vode (plastenke oz. možnost da si udeleženci natočijo vodo v lastne steklenice). ·        Ogled tipike zidanja zidov in posebnosti. ·        Ogled tipike hišk in posebnosti.	12.00 – 15.00
Povratek s terena in prost čas za dnevni obrok	15.00 – 17.00
Projekcija dokumentarnega filma	18.30 – 22.00

Torek

Zbor na dogovorjeni lokaciji Izlet 2: ·        Potreben je organiziran prevoz, zagotovitev vode (plastenke oz. možnost da si udeleženci natočijo vodo v lastne steklenice).	9.00 – 11.00
Kosilo med izletom na dogovorjeni lokaciji	11.00 – 12.30
Izlet 3: ·        Potreben je organiziran prevoz, zagotovitev vode (plastenke oz. možnost da si udeleženci natočijo vodo v lastne steklenice).	12.30 – 16.00
Povratek s terena in prost čas za obrok	15.00 – 17.00
Projekcija dokumentarnega filma ·        Določitev skupin in mentorjev na lokacijah. ·        Ponovitev napotkov k delu in razlaga organizacije dela.	18.30 – 22.00

Sreda

Zbor skupin na lokacijah ·        Preveritev prijavljenih udeležencev. ·        Ponovitev napotkov k delu in razlaga organizacije dela. ·        Vsaka lokacija mora imeti paket prve pomoči, zadostno količino vode za en dan.	9.00 – 9.20
Skupina: obnova zidu ·        Delo poteka v skupinah in ciklično se skupine menjavajo pri delu. ·        Princip dela: ·      čiščenje lokacije; ·      priprava materiala (ločevanje frakcij po velikosti kamnov); ·      podajalci kamna; ·      zidarji. ·        Lokacija fotografa ali kamere.	9.30 – 14.00
Skupina: hiška ·        Delo poteka v skupinah in ciklično se skupine menjavajo pri delu. ·        Princip dela: ·      čiščenje lokacije; ·      priprava materiala (ločevanje frakcij po velikosti kamnov); ·      podajalci kamna; ·      zidarji. ·        Lokacija fotografa ali kamere. ·        Posebna lokacija za gradnjo hiške – dijaki iz osnovne šole.	9.30 – 14.00
Povratek s terena in prost čas za obrok	14.00 – 15.00
Skupina: obnova zidu ·        Delo potek naprej. ·        Zavarovanje območja pred nesrečo.	15.00 – 17.00
Skupina: obnova zidu ·        Delo potek naprej. ·        Zavarovanje območja pred nesrečo.	15.00 – 17.00
Projekcija dokumentarnega filma Pogovor o delu, izkušnje	18.30 – 22.00

Četrtek

Zbor skupin na lokacijah ·        Preveritev prijavljenih udeležencev. ·        Ponovitev napotkov k delu in razlaga organizacije dela. ·        Vsaka lokacija mora imeti paket prve pomoči, zadostno količino vode za en dan.	9.00 – 9.20
Skupina: obnova zidu ·        Delo poteka v skupinah in ciklično se skupine menjavajo pri delu.	9.30 – 14.00
Skupina: hiška ·        Delo poteka v skupinah in ciklično se skupine menjavajo pri delu.	9.30 – 14.00
Povratek s terena in prost čas za obrok	14.00 – 15.00
Skupina: obnova zidu ·        Delo potek naprej. ·        Zavarovanje območja pred nesrečo.	15.00 – 17.00
Skupina: obnova zidu ·        Delo potek naprej. ·        Zavarovanje območja pred nesrečo.	15.00 – 17.00
Projekcija dokumentarnega filma Pogovor o delu, izkušnje	18.30 – 22.00

Petek

Zbor skupin na lokacijah ·        Preveritev prijavljenih udeležencev. ·        Ponovitev napotkov k delu in razlaga organizacije dela. ·        Vsaka lokacija mora imeti paket prve pomoči, zadostno količino vode za en dan.	9.00 – 9.20
Skupina: obnova zidu ·        Delo poteka v skupinah in ciklično se skupine menjavajo pri delu.	9.30 – 14.00
Skupina: hiška ·        Delo poteka v skupinah in ciklično se skupine menjavajo pri delu.	9.30 – 14.00
Povratek s terena in prost čas za obrok	14.00 – 15.00
Skupni ogled delovišč in častna otvoritev rezultatov	15.00 – 18.00
Zbor vseh udeležencev v dvorani Projekcija Povabilo na razstavo 14.5.	18.30 – 22.00